Darwinism Or Creationism? What evolution theory do you believe in?

[anonymal 0]

Ok. I am a Christian but somehow I doubt those written in the Bible. Creationism says we all live because God was responsible for creating us, the world and everything. But this statement has no scientific basis. No experiments nor hypotheses made, just a conclusion. Well, you, do you believe in creationism or the scientific theories of evolution? Read below about the ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF MAN:

 

The ?Evolution of Theory

The theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin's time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spirit of cataloguing God's creations.

 

In other words, all of the similarities and dissimilarities among groups of organisms that are the result of the branching process creating the great tree of life (see Figure 1), were viewed by early 19th century philosophers and scientists as a consequence of omnipotent design.

Image of Tree of Life

Figure 1: A phylogenetic "tree of life" constructed by computer analysis of cyochrome c molecules in the organisms shown; there are as many different trees of life as there are methods of analysis for constructing them.

 

However, by the 19th Century, a number of natural historians were beginning to think of evolutionary change as an explanation for patterns observed in nature. The following ideas were part of the intellectual climate of Darwin's time.

 

* No one knew how old the earth was, but geologists were beginning to make estimates that the earth was considerably older than explained by biblical creation. Geologists were learning more about strata, or layers formed by successive periods of the deposition of sediments. This suggested a time sequence, with younger strata overlying older strata.

* A concept called uniformitarianism, due largely to the influential geologist Charles Lyell, undertook to decipher earth history under the working hypothesis that present conditions and processes are the key to the past, by investigating ongoing, observable processes such as erosion and the deposition of sediments.

* Discoveries of fossils were accumulating during the 18th and 19th centuries. At first naturalists thought they were finding remains of unknown but still living species. As fossil finds continued, however, it became apparent that nothing like giant dinosaurs was known from anywhere on the planet. Furthermore, as early as 1800, Cuvier pointed out that the deeper the strata, the less similar fossils were to existing species.

* Similarities among groups of organisms were considered evidence of relatedness, which in turn suggested evolutionary change. Darwin's intellectual predecessors accepted the idea of evolutionary relationships among organisms, but they could not provide a satisfactory explanation for how evolution occurred.

* Lamarck is the most famous of these. In 1801, he proposed organic evolution as the explanation for the physical similarity among groups of organisms, and proposed a mechanism for adaptive change based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He wrote of the giraffe:

 

"We know that this animal, the tallest of mammals, dwells in the interior of Africa, in places where the soil, almost always arid and without herbage, obliges it to browse on trees and to strain itself continuously to reach them. This habit sustained for long, has had the result in all members of its race that the forelegs have grown longer than the hind legs and that its neck has become so stretched, that the giraffe, without standing on its hind legs, lifts its head to a height of six meters."

 

In essence, this says that the necks of Giraffes became long as a result of continually stretching to reach high foliage. Larmarck was incorrect in the hypothesized mechanism, of course, but his example makes clear that naturalists were thinking about the possibility of evolutionary change in the early 1800's.

 

* Darwin was influenced by observations made during his youthful voyage as naturalist on the survey ship Beagle. On the Galapagos Islands he noticed the slight variations that made tortoises from different islands recognizably distinct. He also observed a whole array of unique finches, the famous "Darwin's finches," that exhibited slight differences from island to island. In addition, they all appeared to resemble, but differ from, the common finch on the mainland of Ecuador, 600 miles to the east. Patterns in the distribution and similarity of organisms had an important influence of Darwin's thinking. The picture at the top of this page is of Darwin's own sketches of finches in his Journal of Researches.

 

* In 1858, Darwin published his famous On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, a tome of over 500 pages that marshalled extensive evidence for his theory. Publication of the book caused a furor - every copy of the book was sold the day that it was released. Members of the religious community, as well as some scientific peers, were outraged by Darwin's ideas and protested. Most scientists, however, recognized the power of Darwin's arguments. Today, school boards still debate the validity and suitability of Darwin's theory in science curricula, and a whole body of debate has grown up around the controversy (see the WWW site Talk.Origins for an ongoing dialogue). We do not have time to cover all of Darwin's evidence and arguments, but we can examine the core ideas. What does this theory of evolution say?

 

 

Darwin's Theory

Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts:

1. Organisms have changed over time, and the ones living today are different from those that lived in the past. Furthermore, many organisms that once lived are now extinct. The world is not constant, but changing. The fossil record provided ample evidence for this view.

2. All organisms are derived from common ancestors by a process of branching. Over time, populations split into different species, which are related because they are descended from a common ancestor. Thus, if one goes far enough back in time, any pair of organisms has a common ancestor. This explained the similarities of organisms that were classified together -- they were similar because of shared traits inherited from their common ancestor. It also explained why similar species tended to occur in the same geographic region.

3. Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a long time. This was supported by the fossil record, and was consistent with the fact that no naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of a new species. [This is now contested by a view of episodes of rapid change and long periods of stasis, known as punctuated equilibrium].

4. The mechanism of evolutionary change was natural selection. This was the most important and revolutionary part of Darwin's theory, and it deserves to be considered in greater detail.

The Process of Natural Selection

Natural selection is a process that occurs over successive generations. The following is a summary of Darwin's line of reasoning for how it works (see Figure 2).

o If all the offspring that organisms can produce were to survive and reproduce, they would soon overrun the earth. Darwin illustrated this point by a calculation using elephants. He wrote:

 

 

"The elephant is reckoned the slowest breeder of all known animals, and I have taken some pains to estimate its probable minimum rate of natural increase; it will be safest to assume that it begins breeding when 30 years old and goes on breeding until 90 years old; if this be so, after a period from 740 to 750 years there would be nearly 19 million elephants descended from this first pair."

o

Process of Natural Selection

Figure 2: The Process of Natural Selection

* This unbounded population growth resembles a simple geometric series (2-4-8-16-32-64..) and quickly reaches infinity.

* As a consequence, there is a "struggle" (metaphorically) to survive and reproduce, in which only a few individuals succeed in leaving progeny.

* Organisms show variation in characters that influence their success in this struggle for existence. Individuals within a population vary from one another in many traits. (Animal behavioralists making long-term studies of chimps or elephants soon recognize every individual by its size, coloration, and distinctive markings.)

* Offspring tend to resemble parents, including in characters that influence success in the struggle to survive and reproduce.

* Parents possessing certain traits that enable them to survive and reproduce will contribute disproportionately to the offspring that make up the next generation.

 

To the extent that offspring resemble their parents, the population in the next generation will consist of a higher proportion of individuals that possess whatever adaptation enabled their parents to survive and reproduce.

 

The well-known example of camouflage coloration in an insect makes for a very powerful, logical argument for adaptation by natural selection. Development of such coloration, which differs according to the insect's environment, requires variation. The variation must influence survival and reproduction (fitness), and it must be inherited.

 

During the early and middle 20th Century, genetics became incorporated into evolution, allowing us to define natural selection this way:

 

 

Natural Selection is the differential reproduction of genotypes.

Natural Selection Requires...

For natural selection to occur, two requirements are essential:

1. There must be heritable variation for some trait. Examples: beak size, color pattern, thickness of skin, fleetness.

2. There must be differential survival and reproduction associated with the possession of that trait.

Unless both these requirements are met, adaptation by natural selection cannot occur.

 

Some examples:

o If some plants grow taller than others and so are better able to avoid shading by others, they will produce more offspring. However, if the reason they grow tall is because of the soil in which their seeds happened to land, and not because they have the genes to grow tall, than no evolution will occur.

o If some individuals are fleeter than others because of differences in their genes, but the predator is so much faster that it does not matter, then no evolution will occur (e.g. if cheetahs ate snails).

In addition, natural selection can only choose among existing varieties in a population. It might be very useful for polar bears to have white noses, and then they wouldn't have to cover their noses with their paws when they stalk their prey. The panda could have a much nicer thumb than the clumsy device that it does have.

 

When we incorporate genetics into our story, it becomes more obvious why the generation of new variations is a chance process. Variants do not arise because they are needed. They arise by random processes governed by the laws of genetics. For today, the central point is the chance occurrence of variation, some of which is adaptive, and the weeding out by natural selection of the best adapted varieties.

 

Evidence of Natural Selection

Let's look at an example to help make natural selection clear.

 

Industrial melanism is a phenomenon that affected over 70 species of moths in England. It has been best studied in the peppered moth, Biston betularia. Prior to 1800, the typical moth of the species had a light pattern (see Figure 3). Dark colored or melanic moths were rare and were therefore collectors' items.

Image of Peppered Moth

Figure 3. Image of Peppered Moth

 

During the Industrial Revolution, soot and other industrial wastes darkened tree trunks and killed off lichens. The light-colored morph of the moth became rare and the dark morph became abundant. In 1819, the first melanic morph was seen; by 1886, it was far more common -- illustrating rapid evolutionary change.

 

Eventually light morphs were common in only a few locales, far from industrial areas. The cause of this change was thought to be selective predation by birds, which favored camouflage coloration in the moth.

 

In the 1950's, the biologist Kettlewell did release-recapture experiments using both morphs. A brief summary of his results are shown below. By observing bird predation from blinds, he could confirm that conspicuousness of moth greatly influenced the chance it would be eaten.

 

Recapture Success

light moth dark moth

non-industrial woods 14.6 % 4.7 %

industrial woods 13 % 27.5 %

Local Adaptation - More Examples

So far in today's lecture we have emphasized that natural selection is the cornerstone of evolutionary theory. It provides the mechanism for adaptive change. Any change in the environment (such as a change in the background color of the tree trunk that you roost on) is likely to lead to local adaptation. Any widespread population is likely to experience different environmental conditions in different parts of its range. As a consequence it will soon consist of a number of sub-populations that differ slightly, or even considerably.

 

The following are examples that illustrate the adaptation of populations to local conditions.

o The rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta, has recognizably different populations in different locales of eastern North America (see Figure 4). Whether these should be called geographic "races" or subspecies is debatable. These populations all comprise one species, because mating can occur between adjacent populations, causing the species to share a common gene pool (see the previous lecture on speciation).

 

 

Image of Rat Snakes

 

Figure 4: Subspecies of the rat snake Elaphe obsoleta, which interbreed where their ranges meet.

o Galapagos finches are the famous example from Darwin's voyage. Each island of the Galapagos that Darwin visited had its own kind of finch (14 in all), found nowhere else in the world. Some had beaks adapted for eating large seeds, others for small seeds, some had parrot-like beaks for feeding on buds and fruits, and some had slender beaks for feeding on small insects (see Figure 5). One used a thorn to probe for insect larvae in wood, like some woodpeckers do. (Six were ground-dwellers, and eight were tree finches.) (This diversification into different ecological roles, or niches, is thought to be necessary to permit the coexistence of multiple species, a topic we will examined in a later lecture.) To Darwin, it appeared that each was slightly modified from an original colonist, probably the finch on the mainland of South America, some 600 miles to the east. It is probable that adaptive radiation led to the formation of so many species because other birds were few or absent, leaving empty niches to fill; and because the numerous islands of the Galapagos provided ample opportunity for geographic isolation.

 

 

Image of Finches

Figure 5

Stabilizing, Directional, and Diversifying Selection

Finally, we will look at a statistical way of thinking about selection. Suppose that each population can be portrayed as a frequency distribution for some trait -- beak size, for instance. Note again that variation in a trait is the critical raw material for evolution to occur.

 

What will the frequency distribution look like in the next generation?

Categories of Natural Selection

Figures 6a-c

 

First, the proportion of individuals with each value of the trait (size of beak, or body weight) might be exactly the same. Second, there may be directional change in just one direction. Third (and with such rarity that its existence is debatable), there might be simultaneous change in both directions (e.g. both larger and smaller beaks are favored, at the expense of those of intermediate size). Figures 6a-c capture these three major categories of natural selection.

 

Figure 7

 

Under stabilizing selection, extreme varieties from both ends of the frequency distribution are eliminated. The frequency distribution looks exactly as it did in the generation before (see Figure 6a). Probably this is the most common form of natural selection, and we often mistake it for no selection. A real-life example is that of birth weight of human babies (see Figure 7).

 

Under directional selection, individuals at one end of the distribution of beak sizes do especially well, and so the frequency distribution of the trait in the subsequent generation is shifted from where it was in the parental generation (see Figure 6b). This is what we usually think of as natural selection. Industrial melanism was such an example.

 

Figure 8

 

The fossil lineage of the horse provides a remarkable demonstration of directional succession. The full lineage is quite complicated and is not just a simple line from the tiny dawn horse Hyracotherium of the early Eocene, to today's familiar Equus. Overall, though, the horse has evolved from a small-bodied ancestor built for moving through woodlands and thickets to its long- legged descendent built for speed on the open grassland. This evolution has involved well- documented changes in teeth, leg length, and toe structure (see Figure 8).

 

Under diversifying (disruptive) selection, both extremes are favored at the expense of intermediate varieties (see Figure 6c). This is uncommon, but of theoretical interest because it suggests a mechanism for species formation without geographic isolation (see the previous lecture on speciation).

 

 

Summary

Darwin's theory of evolution fundamentally changed the direction of future scientific thought, though it was built on a growing body of thought that began to question prior ideas about the natural world.

 

The core of Darwin's theory is natural selection, a process that occurs over successive generations and is defined as the differential reproduction of genotypes.

 

Natural selection requires heritable variation in a given trait, and differential survival and reproduction associated with possession of that trait.

 

Examples of natural selection are well-documented, both by observation and through the fossil record.

 

Selection acts on the frequency of traits, and can take the form of stabilizing, directional, or diversifying selection.

Notice from truefusion:

The evolution theory copied from: http://forums.xisto.com/no_longer_exists/ Warning issued

[pixieloo 0]

I believe in the biblical creation. God created the world in 6 days. I believe in micro evolution, but not macro evolution.

Science, as defined by dictionary.com, is "The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena."

We use science to explain things, but we're not always right.

Science is used to measure the natural, not the supernatural.

If you're questioning what the Bible says about creation, go to
https://answersingenesis.org/

[biscuitrat 0]

I just fail to see how Creationism has any evidence though -- PHYSICAL evidence. We can prove the age of fossils by carbon-dating. Is it some weird concidence that humanoids are unearthed with small changes within a few thousand years of each other? Is it hard to believe that an animal will change and adapt to its new environment? We humans do it all the time. People in the desert learn to use water sparingly, can tolerate heat. Even viruses mutate and change. Was it really in God's plan that the newest strain of influenza is difficult to track because of mutations in its genetic code?

 

I have my own religious beliefs, but Evolutionism clouds all of that. I think it's a pretty sound opinion that evidence leads to a well-believed fact. Faith and science are not the same things. Faith essentially means that one "believes". Science comes from the Latin "scio" which means "I know/understand". And that's how it should be. I'm entirely opposed to teaching theology in a science classroom because of what it implies. In Kenya, evangelists are lobbying to remove the archeological finds of a generation from a national musem - but why? Because it interferes? Or because it's true.

 

So many scientists these days are both religious and curious. There's no harm in religion itself, but using it to promote something that has no basis, except for in one's heart, and in doing so, harming the work of countless hundreds of scientists, is the part I can't agree with. Intelligent Design defies one of the laws of matter, in that it indicates that matter was created/destroyed. The same works for Creation.

 

It's just one of those things that seems to bother me, that people say they believe in the 6-day creation, but if so, how does that explain so many other things like dinosaurs, mammoths, prehistoric man? If man was created in their original form, why are we unearthing so many remains today? Creationism is not a fact, but a belief that will never cease to confuse me.

[Maou_Tsaou 0]

Genesis is a very intresting collection of writings.Something that most Literalists fail to see about the Creation stories (2 of them) is that the second one is told from the point of the loosers of the Neolithic revolution.I find this important.Man decides he knows more than God.This takes Man out of the 'garden' state in which he formally had lived where the enviroment provided what was required, each to it's season.Shortly Cain kills Able, (the Farmers knock off the Nomads because they need the land for their agraculture) and we're into City building, which means our civilation.Gen4; "And the LORD had respect unto Abel and to his offering".From this we get the Jewish and therefore the Christians strange fasination with blood IMHO. Things like ritualistic canabalisam, via communion. Or the whole Scapegoat concept.To state a belief and stick with it through faith is a respectable stance, but attempting to make others accept your views on faith is at best, totally misguided.A basic idea of Science is to not tear down a theory without having something better to replace it with. Also each and every claim in a theory must be falseafiable.This means that claims such as "The Earth was created with the appearence of age." are compleatly lacking in scientific merrit. Under those conditions any test would show the Earth to be older than 6000years. This isn't scientifc at all. This is someone telling me "I accept/grew up with/etc. that God created the Earth when Ulsher said He did. I require no further proff so neither should you." This is the fundamental problem between the aproaches in my opinion.A Litteral interpratation dosn't cut it.1 Kings 7:23, 23 ? And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other: it was round all about, and his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about.So if this is the literal word of God then He can't do math!Pi is 3.1415........But God aparently says it's just 3.Screw the decimal.I guess we were created in His image.Maou

[Striker9 0]

ok let me leave some of my thoughts on this one... first of all, I believe in creation and not Darwinism. I find alot of none sense in what Darwin proposed. It's true that evolution happens but not to the extent that might change an ape to a human being. Usually mutation is restricted to a few genes that turn into alleles (positive mutation) or they might produce a disfunctional gene that wouldn't express a functional protein (enzyme, hormone, constructive protein... etc). So my point is that mutation, and thus evolution, is at the micro level and not a macro level; a fish can never pass through an evolution stage to develop wings and fly! and you will never see an elephant swimming deep inside the oceans. But, adaptation is a totally different thing, it's sort of multiple mutations which a species undergoes to adapt to the surrounding environment, but such kind of mutation/evolution/adaptation would just extend the abilities of an animal and not create new ones (such as development of wings or extra limbs or something like that). Moreover, how does evolution explain the difference of chromosome numbers between species that are supposed to be descending from one single species. What I know is that Darwin claimed that ALL species are originally a single celled creature which evolved and evolved and gave all the present species. But even chromosomal mutation conserves the number of chromosomes in an organism. So if we assume that humans descended from apes, then they should have had the same chromosome number within the nucleus of their cells, which is not the case, and therefore humans do NOT descend from apes. Also, when you look into organisms and their detailed organs and functions and all that, you will notice how delicate they are. Take the human brain for example, it represents the most wonderful illustration of organization and neatness. Do you really think such a delicate organ could have been created on its own? There HAVE TO be some super power that is able to construct and CREATE such an organ and give it its various precise functions. And as long as I'm concerned, God is this super power that must have created the amazing brain and all other microscopic and macroscopic animals, plants and everything found in this endless universe. Now it's not the time to discuss the existence of God but there are many clues that prove His existence.

[Saint_Michael 3]

Aah the greatest debate of all time, but I have to side with Darwin just because of the fact there are so many variations to one species, like the monkey, cow, human, spider, rabbit. On top of that, scientists have made so many connections to the evolution of man thanks to the remains of Lucy and of course the commonalities between dinosaurs and birds and other reptiles alike. However, another theory has been coming up in the years and has garnered huge support.That theory is called Intelligent design, in which scientists believe that there was a intelligent cause for why we are the way we are and not because of natural selection. You could say it uses a combination of both theories, but removing the word God altogether in this theory. I found about this theory in my English class when we had to read stories on this debate. Of course, when "God" does show up and tell us everything, fat chance, all the questions we want to be answered will. In the mean time though I believe the science is more accurate the the religion and that's after taking a semester of mythology in high school, those creation stories are pretty wild.

[mikeyboy63 0]

Christianity says god made the world and everything else in 6 days. Creationism is blasphemy. Christian apologists admitting that their religion is wrong, but trying to hijack the credentials of science by accepting scientific evolution, which is blasphemy, then claiming that any evolutionary process is god's work. 2 million women miscarry each year due to flaws in the design and function of their reproductive organs. God doesn't design very well, does he? God, the abortionist!

[thorne 0]

I view creationaism as ancient people's attempt to explain how we got here, something we've always wanted to know. But we never can truly know how everything came to be the way it is, because we weren't there to see it happen. Instead, all we can do is use the evidence around us and create theories of how it might have all come to be. I view Darwinism as kind of a modern creationism in the sense that it is a more modern way of understanding the beginning of things. It is what I believe because currently, that is what the evidence seems to support. But this does not mean that it is correct, and another theory may come in the future which better explains the things that Darwinism tries to explain. I am not adverse to any such theory; if it is well substiated, it may seem plausible.Considering this, creationsim is not as plausible given what we know. The earth was created in 6 days...why 6? How do we know this? Where is the evidence? In ancient times, people had only their myths to explain things; science was not evolved yet. But now that we have more objective scientific methods, it would be absurd to ignore them on the basis that it goes against a tradition. It is only in breaking traditions and customs that we can advance.

[mullen 0]

Science is mans way of making sense of nature. God created nature, what other way could the universe exist?Earth is a gem in the universe and just by some chance a meteoroid crashed into earth killing all the dinosaurs and starting the human era. From microscopic organisms we evolved adapting to our environment and in some millions of years have became what we are today. this doesn't disprove the existence of god in anyway, but just opens up new questions for man to ponder.

[jopak134 0]

creationsimif you want to read what i wrote below be my guest this is a little bit off topic but because somene posted this so ill share it.creantionism, darwinisim, and intelligent design. why 3 when almost all people thinks that creationism is equal or same to intelligent design.this is not so. intelligent design is a product of science. when science cannot explain something, like how non matter begin to be matter ( from nothing becomes something). this how can i say a blank to the page is explained by nonconservative christians to add a little science to creationism but it is different. intelligent design in a few words is an explanation why we are made by thinking something or someone made the world as it is.until today science cannot explain the consistencies and inconsistencies of the world. for example how genes are made exactly and how they transfer there it to another in exact fashion (consistent) and inconsistencies (how we can have diseases)this is where intelligent design has a bit of leverage to darwinism. where the basic theory of darwinism is that the stronger thing survives, doesn't explain why we have diseases ( but it explains why we have antibodies to some diseases)creationism is in way like this: God created everything. simple as that. that is why scientist cannot see the point. and some christians are disheartend about this.to make it all short.Darwinism tries to explain A going to ZIntelligent design tries to explain how A started.Creationism tries to explain that its all Z

[sheepdog 10]

Hummmmmm.....why can't we have it both ways???Yes, I'm serious, the story could be told by 2 different story tellers and still be the same story.In creation, God is supposed to have created the earth in 6 days, and rested on the 7th, but who is to say what is a day to God? For all we know, to the Almighty, a day could be the same as a million years. The bible after all, was written by man, and in those ancient days, to a mere mortal the concept of a million was not something that man could understand. The bible had to be written in a way man could understand it. It could even be that creation is not done yet!There is also the fact that dna of all living creatures is very simular. We are only a couple chromosomes off from a cow. What's to say it wasn't God who tinkered around with a gene here and a chromosone there during the time of creation? And in modern times, why couldn't it be God who caused the variations in simular species to help them survive in the living conditions they found themselves in? Could it not of been God who mutated the giraffe to make it's neck grow so it had a food supply other animals could not have? Or the mammels that live in the ocean who breath air just like we do? Or for that matter, fish that can breath in water. I once read an Indian version of creation. I was pretty amazed at how while it was a totally different story than the Christion one, but the story line was almost identical. I suspect there are many other cultures that have simular stories, and if a person was to read them, they would all sound an awful lo alike. Really, who is to say which is right and which is wrong? Why do either have to be right or wrong? Every story teller has a way to tell their stories that may be a bit different to another story teller.

[iGuest 3]

Darwinism vs. Creationism

Darwinism Or Creationism?

 

What are the similarities and differences between Darwinism and Creationism

 

-question by Eric