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?ALL THE miracles of life that nature has created are based on Nanotechnology. It is up to mankind to perfect these miracles in the upcoming decades and centuries.?Nanotechnology is one of the most active areas of research and development today with an investment of over $10 billion (2006) going into it worldwide. The United States, with its substantial government-funding involving the National Science Foundation (NSF), its Department of Energy (DOE), Department of Defence (DOD), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), leads the world in nanotechnology research and development. In January 2007, the European Union launched its largest-ever funding programme for research and technological development called the Seventh Framework Program (FP7). The programme has allocated about $ 4.5 billion for nanotechnology research and development. Other countries, including Russia, India, Japan and China have earmarked several billion USD for future nanotechnology investment programmes. During the last five years, Wall Street has not been active in nanotechnology financing. It has allowed the venture capital companies, without competition, to cherry-pick the elite nanotechnology investment opportunities while leaving many promising nanotechnology ventures to starve financially. Today, with 400+ nanotechnology products in the domestic marketplace, the industry appears credible and the Street?s focus may be changing. The planned $100 million Initial Public Offering (IPO) by NanoDynamics, Inc (ND) may change the funding landscape for nanotechnology companies. It?s a very important change. The reasons behind the ND IPO?s expected success will become clear once you dig through the S-1 Prospectus, understand which specific green and nanotechnology markets ND?s new products aim to penetrate and why ND will be profitable in both those markets. "Green Energy and Nanotechnology" is a winning corporate strategy for the next decade. After a successful ND offering, a financing rush will be on and Wall Street should once again become a major player in nanotechnology funding, especially for young and cash-starved nanotechnology companies. Environmental applications of nanotechnology Environmental benefits from nanotechnology are derived from a wide range of possible applications, including nanotechnology-enabled, environmentally friendly manufacturing processes that reduce waste products - ultimately leading to atomically precise molecular manufacturing with zero waste; the use of nano- materials as catalysts to minimize or eliminate the use of toxic materials for greater efficiency in the current manufacturing processes; the use of nano-materials and nano-devices to reduce pollution (e.g. water and air filters); and the use of nano-materials for more efficient alternative energy production (e.g. solar and fuel cells). Fuel additives for increased fuel efficiency Nano-particle additives have been shown to increase the fuel efficiency of diesel engines by approximately 5% which could result in a maximum saving of 22-23 millions of tons per annum of CO2 in Europe alone. This could be implemented immediately across the diesel-powered fleet. However, since little is known about the health impact of free nano-particles in diesel exhaust gases, a comprehensive toxicological testing and subsidized independent performance tests are required to validate the absence of environmental harm. Solar Cells Nanotechnology may deliver significant benefits in vastly decreasing the production costs of solar cells. Conservatively, if a distributed solar generation grid met 1% of the world?s electricity demand, approximately 40 million tons per annum of CO2 could be saved. The major barrier to this technology is the incorporation of nanotechnology into solar cells, not the nanotechnology itself. There is currently a lack of skills to transfer the science base into workable prototypes. What is needed is to develop programmes and facilities for taking fundamental research through to early stage prototypes where established mechanisms can be employed to commercialize new technologies. Centres of excellence in Photovoltaics have to be created to allow cross-fertilization of ideas from different scientific disciplines. Hydrogen Production through Nanotechnology Hydrogen-powered vehicles could eliminate all toxic emissions, which would improve public health. If hydrogen were generated via renewable means or using carbon capture and storage, all CO2 emissions from transport could be eliminated (over 1 billion tons per annum). The hydrogen economy, however, is estimated to be 20 years away from potential universal deployment. Nanotechnology is central to developing efficient hydrogen storage, which is likely to be the largest barrier to worldwide use. Nanotechnology is also a lead candidate for improving the efficiency of fuel cells and for developing a method for renewable hydrogen production. To initiate a process in the right direction, public procurement to fund hydrogen-powered urban public transport is recommended which in turn will create a market and infrastructure for hydrogen-powered transport. Funding large international projects and continuing R&D support will also be crucial. Ethanol Production through Nanotechnology The recent interest in ethanol has been sparked by its use as a renewable fuel alternative to gasoline. Even though we have been drinking ethanol, an alcohol, for thousands of years (fermented beverages such as beer and wine contain up to 5-15% ethanol by volume), the largest single use of ethanol is as a motor fuel and fuel additive. Ethanol is produced by fermentation of feedstocks when certain species of yeast metabolize sugar. The primary feedstock for ethanol production in the U.S. is corn. In Brazil, the world?s leading ethanol producer, it?s mostly derived from sugar cane. While there is a heated controversy over the economic and ecological benefits of using biomass for producing ethanol fuel, it seems that the carbon nano-tubes (CNT) are increasingly recognized as promising materials for catalysis, either as catalysts themselves or as catalyst additives or as catalyst supports. Research has shown that CNTs loaded with rhodium (Rh) nano-particles are able to convert a gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into ethanol. This appears to be the first example where the activity and selectivity of a metal-catalyzed gas-phase reaction benefits significantly from proceeding inside a nano-sized CNT reaction vessel. Fuel Recycling Diesel-burning engines are a major contributor to environmental pollution, since they emit a mixture of gases and fine particles that contain over 40 mostly toxic chemicals, including Benzene, Butadiene, Dioxin and mercury compounds. Diesel exhaust is listed as a known or probable human carcinogen by over 40 countries in the world. A Japanese government-supported research has shown that diesel soot can be recycled as a carbon source for the synthesis of single-walled carbon nano-tubes (SWCNTs). The diesel soot was predominantly collected by Soxhlet extraction of the particulate matter with ethanol. The collected diesel soot recycled by this method was then subjected to laser vaporization to synthesize SWCNTs, which can be used to produce new diesel fuel. Batteries and Super-Capacitors Recent advances in battery technology have made the range and power of electric vehicles more practical. Issues still surround the charge time. Nanotechnology may provide a remedy to this problem by allowing electric vehicles to be recharged much more quickly. Without nanotechnology, electric vehicles are likely to remain a niche market because of the issue of charge time. Significant infrastructural investment will be required to develop recharging stations throughout most industrialized nations. Fiscal incentives to purchasers such as the congestion charge scheme, fast track schemes for commercialization and cultivation of links with automotive multinationals will also be important. Insulation Cavity and loft insulation are cheap and effective; however, there are no easy methods for insulating solid walled buildings, which currently account for approximately a third of most buildings in industrialized countries with a cold winter climate. Nanotechnology provides several efficient approaches: Ultra thin nano-films on windows can reduce heat loss much more efficiently than anything currently on the market. In addition, improvement of Aerogels, which themselves are nanostructures, can minimize heat-loss of concrete walls.

THE CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT (CSE), while welcoming the move of the Delhi government to control diesel emission, has proposed a two-point action programme to introduce ?clean? diesel technology and withdraw price incentive for diesel cars. It cites latest studies which prove the harmful effects of diesel fumes: one of these shows how vulnerable asthmatics are to diesel exhaust. It says diesel cars pollute more than petrol cars. Even Euro III diesel cars produce more toxic emissions than their petrol counterparts. The `clean? green technology enables cars to run on diesel with a sulphur content of less than 10 ppm and is fitted with advanced emission control devices like particulate traps. Otherwise, the diesel route should be prohibited.A flawed policy that keeps diesel tax nearly 40 per cent lower than petrol tax is encouraging dieselisation. It is high time fuel taxes and fuel prices are equalised. In Brazil, cars are not allowed to run on diesel because of lower taxes on diesel fuel. In Denmark diesel cars are taxed higher to offset the lower prices of diesel fuel. Therefore, the policy should levy higher tax on diesel fuel and diesel cars to prevent use of cheap and poor quality diesel in cars and persuade people to consider cleaner alternatives.CSE commends the Delhi government?s proactive move towards clearing the air in the national capital region -- especially in the light of the findings of a new study in the UK which shows how vulnerable asthmatics are to diesel exhaust. The Delhi government has recently demanded from the Union government, cleaner fuels and vehicle standards for the NCR or restraints on the growth of diesel car population in the region. A new analysis carried out by CSE bears out the significance of this move:An analysis of new emission data reveals that even Euro III diesel cars spew out emission, much more toxic. Investigations carried out by CSE, based on actual emission data available from the Pune-based Automotive Research Association of India, expose enormous difference in the actual emission levels of Euro III (Bharat Stage III) diesel and petrol cars that are currently sold in Delhi and other major Indian cities. Euro III diesel cars emit 7.5 times more toxic particulate matter (PM) than comparable petrol cars. This means, one diesel car is equal to adding 7.5 petrol cars to the car fleet in terms of PM emission and 3 petrol cars in terms of NOx emission. This clearly reflects the flawed emission standards that allow diesel cars to emit more NOx and PM compared to petrol cars. Total air toxics from a diesel car that are very harmful and carcinogenic are 7 times higher than that from petrol cars.Diesel-related emission is already very high in Delhi?s air. It is a matter of serious concern that the monthly average levels of tiny particulates, smaller than 2.5-micron size (PM2.5), that go deep inside lungs, have hit a dizzying height of 245 microgram per cubic metre in Delhi. The daily peaks can be at more than 600 microgram per cubic metre. The World Health Organization has said that there is no safe level for PM. Studies in the US show that even at very low concentrations and with an increase of only 10 microgram per cubic metre, PM 2.5 is associated with significant increases in health risks like asthma, lung diseases, chronic bronchitis and heart damage. Long-term exposure can cause lung cancer. What?s worse, in Delhi, levels of nitrogen dioxides (NO2) are also spiralling and daily levels have hit 300 microgram per cubic metre. Both these pollutants dominate diesel exhaust emissions.New study and more clinching evidence prove the immediate harmful effects of diesel emission. Even as international regulatory and scientific agencies be-lieve that diesel exhaust is of sufficient concern to merit action, more stunning evidences have come last week from a study in England.Even low carbon emissions and greater fuel efficiency advantages of diesel cars are shrouded in doubt. Diesel cars are popular for their greater fuel efficiency and lower heat-trapping carbon emissions. ARAI data shows Euro III Indian diesel cars emit 1.2 times less carbon dioxide compared to their petrol counterparts. But even this benefit is at risk of being negated as diesel fuel has more carbon content than petrol. If more diesel fuel is burnt, as is likely given its cheaper price and the rising number of cars, the heat-trapping carbon emissions will increase. Moreover, even the carbon soot from diesel vehicles are now implicated for global warming.Countries like the US have moved towards stringent emission standards that are equal for all fuels. These can be met only with advanced emission control technologies and ultra low sulphur fuels. While Delhi?s diesel has such high sulphur content as 350 ppm, for diesel in Europe and the US, the levels are 10 ppm and 15 ppm, respectively.It is time to act. "Delhi?s pollution battle can turn very difficult if dieselisation of the car fleet is not checked right now," says Anumita Roy Chowdhury, head of CSE?s Right to Clean Air Campaign. Diesel cars account for nearly 30 per cent of the new car sales and are expected to touch 50 per cent by 2010. Other Indian cities are also at serious risk. Already, more than half of Indian cities have critical levels of particulates. Says Roychowdhury: "It is a myth that the diesel car technology that is available currently in India is clean. Immediate policy intervention is needed."