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LifeGem is a company offering to synthesize diamonds from the carbonized remains of people or pets. The company was founded in 2001 by Greg Herro, Mike Herro, and Rusty VandenBiesen, and was first based in Elk Grove Village, Illinois. It is now headquartered in Chicago and a second office, under the name LifeGem UK, was recently opened in Hove, England. It is important to note that, at present, there is no nondestructive method of testing the origin of carbon used in diamond synthesis: It has yet to be independently verified that LifeGem products (patent pending) are indeed composed�either in part or in whole�of human remains, or if the carbon is from another source. The gems These synthetic diamonds�distinct from diamond imitations like cubic zirconia, as they precisely duplicate natural diamonds in both optical and physical properties�are touted as "memorial diamonds" and range in price from USD $2,500 for 0.20�0.29 carat (40 to 59 mg) stones to $14,000 for stones weighing 0.90�0.99 carats (180�199 mg). The company claims it can extract enough purified carbon from one human body to synthesize up to 50 gems weighing one carat (0.2 g) each. As little as 227 g of cremains are needed to make one diamond. Diamonds made from the cremains of pets are priced the same as those made from human cremains, but the size of the animal may be a limiting factor. As of March 2005, LifeGem says it has served 1,000 families since the company's founding. The process Interested customers are directed to affiliated funeral homes equipped with the necessary tools; LifeGem claims to use a "carbon curing" container to collect the human remains halfway through the cremation process. The carbon is supposedly converted to graphite after purification, from which point it is sent to a diamond synthesis facility. As of spring 2003 the task of synthesis was given exclusively to Lucent Diamonds of Colorado. The diamonds were made via the thermal gradient method by a team of Russian scientists using iron alloys as a flux at pressures of 5.0�6.0 GPa and temperatures of 1,600�2,000 �C. The entire process, from cremation to finished stone, is said to take about six months. Due to boron impurities present in the carbon, most LifeGem synthetic diamonds produced up to 2003 were Type IIb and were a light to medium blue in colour. Iron flux inclusions within the stones also rendered them magnetic. Apparently, the synthesis process has since been modified: Current production consists of strong yellow to golden yellow and brownish yellow material, probably Type Ib with evenly distributed substitutional nitrogen responsible for the colours. This newer material may or may not be magnetic. Three standard diamond cuts are offered to customers: Round brilliant, radiant, and princess (the latter two cuts are rectangular and square in outline, respectively). The company will also take requests for custom cuts. The finished stones are laser inscribed with an identifier (and a tribute for an extra fee), graded by gemmologists, and are given a certificate. References Gallegos, D., Wolfe, R. (2005). Sparkling in memory. DenverPost.com. Retrieved 12 April, 2005 from http://forums.xisto.com/no_longer_exists/. Laurs, B. M., Overton, T. W. (2003). LifeGem synthetic diamonds. Gems & Gemology, Vol. 39 No. 1., p. 62. Gemological Institute of America. Novotny, M. (2005). The ultimate family jewel. MSNBC News: Countdown with Keith Olbermann. Retrieved 12 April, 2005 from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4751684. External links Lifegem Website Notice from BuffaloHELP: You were ranting about you getting a warning and unable to post yet you decided not to follow our board rules by copying and pasting from source http://forums.xisto.com/no_longer_exists/ and never used a single QUOTE tag...this is SPAM!

Spud guns, potato cannons, or produce accelerators are all recreational launching devices usually made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) water pipe. There are two common means to launch projectiles from a spudgun. The first uses the energy stored in a compressed gas and the second, more popular method, uses the energy stored in combustible fuel vapors to heat the air and cause it to expand. There is a quite rare mix of the two, a "hybrid", that combusts a pressurized fuel-air mixture. The object of these varieties is to propel "non-destructive" projectiles in the direction of a designated (safe) target for fun. Common projectiles include: mandarins, potatoes, tennis balls, and golf balls. They are a particularly popular home-made class of projectile launchers because of their low cost to build: a simple hairspray powered gun costs no more than $20 in PVC and glue, less if parts can be scrounged. Combustion launchers- Combustion powered spudguns have four basic elements: Fuel system Combustion chamber Ignition source Barrel In order to fire, the operator loads a projectile (usually a potato) into the barrel, adds fuel to the combustion chamber (for example aerosols or propane), and triggers the ignition source (e.g. a piezoelectric BBQ ignitor). The fuel should then ignite, create hot expanding gases, and force the projectile out of the barrel. Distances vary greatly depending on the type of fuel used, the size of the launcher, and the "idealness" of the fuel/air ratio; 100 metres is a common distance. High tech combustion launchers may now include metered propane injection, chamber fans, multiple spark gaps (spark strips), and high voltage ignition sources (flyback circuits, stun guns, camera flashes, etc). Combustion launchers are mechanically simple, but are weaker in typical situations compared to a pneumatic launcher of the same size. Potato guns are often painted to increase their aesthetic value and to cover unsightly primer stains. Krylon Fusion, a type of paint specifically made for plastics, is the most common type of spray paint used on potato cannons. For instructions on how to build a combustion launcher click here. Pneumatic launchers- Pneumatic launchers consist of five basic elements: Compressed gas storage reservoir (chamber for short) Filling valve (bicycle Schrader valves, quick-disconnects, etc.) Main valve (ball valves, sprinkler valves, piston valves, quick-exhaust valves, and burst disks are the most common) Barrel Pressure gauge (for safety & repeatable launches) In order to fire, the operator loads a projectile into the barrel, fills the chamber with a compressed gas (air compressors, hand pumps, and regulated bottled gas are common filling methods), and activates the main valve thus dumping the air in the chamber to the barrel. The expansion of the compressed gas propels the projectile down the barrel. The barrel length determines the amount of energy transferred to the projectile and ultimately the velocity of the projectile. High performance launchers use techniques such as modifying valves for faster opening times, using homemade valves, and maximizing the amount of airflow through the valve. Hybrid launchers- A hybrid launcher consists of seven basic elements High pressure combustion chamber Pressure-triggered main valve (usually a burst disk) Barrel Fuel system (usually metered propane) Air filling valve Ingition source One or more pressure gauges A hybrid is a type of spudgun that combines principles of the combustion and pneumatic spudgun. It uses a pressurized mixture of fuel and air to get more power out of a given chamber volume. In order to fire, the operator first inserts a burst disk, usually consisting of aluminium foil or plastic, between the chamber and barrel. A cam coupling or union is used to hold the burst disk in place. The . when the ignition source is triggered, the pressure from the combustion ruptures the burst disk and propels the projectile out of the barrel. The hybrid is capable of higher velocities than a combustion or pneumatic spudgun, projectiles fired by a hybrid have broken the sound barrier (Source). A hybrid using twice as much fuel and air as a comparable combustion gun is said to be using a 2X mix, higher mixtures can be used and will produce even higher pressures. The fuel and air needs to be measured and matched carefully to ensure reliable operation, pressure gauges and fuel meters are used for this. A pressure gauge with a check valve can also be added to record the peak chamber pressure of the gun. SAFETY: A hybrid is the most dangerous launcher that can be built. It is advised to build with pipe that can handle the high pressure environment (200+ PSI) such as Sch. 80 PVC or metal. Remote ignition is a must, and the limit of a 4x propane/ 4 atmosphere mix should never be breached. If a higher mix is attempted, DDT (deflagration to detonation transition) can occur, causing an extreme pressure spike. Most pipe cannot handle the spike, and will shatter, launching plastic shards everywhere. Therefore utmost care must be taken with these launchers. Performance issues- Some tricks to improve the performance of a pneumatic launcher include: Using a tight fitting wadding will. This considerably improves the energy efficency of what you are shooting because it provides a tight seal around your projectile. This also allows you to shoot smaller objects. Oiling the barrel (the less friction and resistance, the faster the potato will shoot) Lubricating the main valve (if it's a ball valve) with dish soap. It is bad to use oil, as it will cause deterioration of the ball seal. Lubricating the valve makes it easier, and therefore faster, to open the valve. Obtaining higher pressure piping and a higher pressure pump. However no PVC based chamber should be charged to more than 1250psi. The the pipe may say it can take more pressure; that is for water, not air. Be sure to file down the end of the barrel to a sharp edge so that when you load a potato it is trimmed by the sharpened edges to the correct size. This kind of modification is called a Muzzle Knife. To improve the performance of a combustion launcher try: Patching the potato with polyethylene plastic - often you can cut patches from the same bag the potatoes came in - will improve both accuracy and range. To use a patch, place the patch (about twice the barrel diameter) over the muzzle then load the pre-sized projectile. Be careful about chamber pressure - patching can raise pressures considerably. Blowing out the barrel and combustion chamber after each shot to remove the burnt gasses will promote more even and predictable combustion. Use less fuel than you expect - a little goes a long way and you will not get ignition with an over-rich mixture. Safety issues- Improperly designed or assembled spud guns can be unsafe. Using proper assembly techniques and correct materials (pressure rated pipe and fittings) is essential. This is especially important in pneumatic guns, and even more so in a hybrid. It should be noted that PVC becomes brittle in low temperatures, and can be unsafe (especially for pneumatic use) when it's below freezing. The use of a spud gun which has developed visible structural defects (ie. cracks) or has not been constructed properly is dangerous and can result in serious injury. Safety is paramount while operating a spudgun; treat them with the same respect you would a real gun. Some spud guns are loud enough to require hearing protection. Legal issues- The United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms does not classify spud guns as firearms. However, certain states and most cities have outlawed them. Check with your local law agency before shooting a spudgun to determine their legality. Never fire a spudgun within city limits, there are too many dangers involved by doing so. If authorities tell you not to use a spudgun in a certain area, it is in your best interest to follow their directions. Vandalism that involves the use of spudguns contributes to the illegality of the hobby, so if you know someone who intends to use a spudgun for such purposes, alert authorities immediately. The use of dangerous, explosive and/or flammable projectiles is illegal and not condoned by the spud gunning community. All spud guns have been classified as illegal in Western Australia. All combustion spud guns are considered firearms in Germany. Pneumatic spud guns are illegal to possess if you are under 16 in New York. In the UK, pneumatic spud guns with projectile energy greater than 4 joules (3 ftˇlbf) are classified as section 1 firearms and require a license. In recent years, with the rise of spud gun use, there has often been much debate as to whether or not spud guns should actually be classed as Light Air Weapons. If spud guns were to be reclassified, then their maximum lawful projectile energy would be 12 ft/lbf, not 3. However, as the current law should be adhered to until spud guns are officially reclassified (if they ever are), they should not be more poweful than 3 ft/lbf. In Walnut Creek, California, potato cannons are considered legal. In Glendale, Arizona and Phoenix, Arizona combustion spudguns are considered firearms.

I recommend the Nextel i860 because-> (It does have some faults yet many great features) <the (+) means it is a good feature and the (-) means it is eaither a fault or the phone doesn't have it. (+) Weight and Size: The Motorola i860 weighs only with Included Battery Phone Dimensions (h x w x d). This is rather lighter than average and should make it comfortable to carry around (+) Camera: It has a camera (camera), which is not a necessary feature yet may be convenient or fun and make your experience better. Sponsored Links (+) Phone Book: It can store 600 phone book entries (+)Built-in Speakerphone: It includes a built-in speakerphone, which can prove useful in a car or in other situations where you need to use your hands while talking. (-) Battery Performance: It has only a maximum rated standby time of 65 hours and a talk time of 165 minutes, and it may be too low for your needs, especially if you travel a lot and plan to use your cell phone often (+) Color Display: The color display's color mode is 4,096 and its resolution is unknown. A color display is nice for surfing the wireless web or viewing pictures and, of course, the larger it is, the better the experience and, the more colors, the better your pictures will look. (-) Analog Roaming: It doesn't support analog roaming. Analog is the older North-American cellular technology, however North-American networks are increasingly converting to large digital-only networks, which makes analog a not-so-useful feature (check coverage maps for your area to discriminate on that aspect). (+) Push-to-Talk (PTT): . The Motorola i860 supports Push-to-talk (PTT), a technology that allows you to instantly talk to other people owning a PTT phone on the same network, just by the push of a button, as with a walkie-talkie. This may be interesting to shop with your lover or work on a special project, etc. (-) Bluetooth: It is not Bluetooth-enabled. Bluetooth is not really necessary but may be handy if you want to use a wireless headset or exchange data with your (Bluetooth-enabled) laptop, for instance. (-) Infrared: It doesn't include an infrared port. Infrared is convenient, especially if you own a laptop (most laptops are infrared equipped), you can then use your computer to transfer contacts, ringtones or pictures (if the phone supports these functions) to the Motorola i860. (+) Text Messaging: It features a special way of typing text, either a full keyboard or some predictive text entry method such as T9 or iTAP. This will be useful if you need to send short messages: it's much faster. (+) Voice Note: It features voice notes . A voice note system is quite useful to make quick notes and reminders while on the road. It is an excellent phone, and at a great price for all that it has! P.S. To find your perfect phone go here- It is a great quiz and will result with the top 5 phones best recommended for you!