jamesleon

Believe it or not, it may be a lot easier to get patches and updates for Linux than for any proprietary operating system! The answer to a problem often comes back within a few hours after sending a message to some newsgroup or mailing list. Moreover, drivers for Linux are usually available a few weeks after new hardware products have been introduced on the market. By contrast, hardware manufacturers release device drivers for only a few commercial operating systems, usually the Microsoft ones. Therefore, all commercial Unix variants run on a restricted subset of hardware components. With an estimated installed base of more than 12 million and growing, people who are used to certain creature features that are standard under other operating systems are starting to expect the same from Linux. As such, the demand on Linux developers is also increasing. Luckily, though, Linux has evolved under the close direction of Linus over the years, to accommodate the needs of the masses.

It lets you directly mount filesystems for all versions of MS-DOS and MS Windows, SVR4, OS/2, Mac OS, Solaris, SunOS, NeXTSTEP, many BSD variants, and so on. Linux is also able to operate with many network layers like Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), High Performance Parallel Interface (HIPPI), IBM's Token Ring, AT&T WaveLAN, DEC RoamAbout DS, and so forth. By using suitable libraries, Linux systems are even able to directly run programs written for other operating systems. For example, Linux is able to execute applications written for MSDOS, MS Windows, SVR3 and R4, 4.4BSD, SCO Unix, XENIX, and others on the Intel 80x86 platform.

Thanks to the General Public License (GPL), you are allowed to freely read and modify the source code of the kernel and of all system programs. Several commercial companies have started to support their products under Linux, most of which aren't distributed under a GNU Public License. Therefore, you may not be allowed to read or modify their source code.

8 You can install a complete Unix system at no expense other than the hardware (of course).

6 The various Unix-like systems on the market, some of which have a long history and may show signs of archaic practices, differ in many important respects. All commercial variants were derived from either SVR4 or 4.4BSD; all of them tend to agree on some common standards like IEEE's POSIX (Portable Operating Systems based on Unix) and X/Open's CAE (Common Applications Environment). Understanding the Linux Kernel 7 The current standards specify only an application programming interface (API) that is, a well-defined environment in which user programs should run. Therefore, the standards do not impose any restriction on internal design choices of a compliant kernel.[2] [2] As a matter of fact, several non-Unix operating systems like Windows NT are POSIX-compliant. In order to define a common user interface, Unix-like kernels often share fundamental design ideas and features. In this respect, Linux is comparable with the other Unix-like operating systems. What you read in this book and see in the Linux kernel, therefore, may help you understand the other Unix variants too. The 2.2 version of the Linux kernel aims to be compliant with the IEEE POSIX standard. This, of course, means that most existing Unix programs can be compiled and executed on a Linux system with very little effort or even without the need for patches to the source code. Moreover, Linux includes all the features of a modern Unix operating system, like virtual memory, a virtual filesystem, lightweight processes, reliable signals, SVR4 interprocess communications, support for Symmetric Multiprocessor (SMP) systems, and so on. By itself, the Linux kernel is not very innovative. When Linus Torvalds wrote the first kernel, he referred to some classical books on Unix internals, like Maurice Bach's The Design of the Unix Operating System (Prentice Hall, 1986). Actually, Linux still has some bias toward the Unix baseline described in Bach's book (i.e., SVR4). However, Linux doesn't stick to any particular variant. Instead, it tries to adopt good features and design choices of several different Unix kernels. Here is an assessment of how Linux competes against some well-known commercial Unix kernels: " The Linux kernel is monolithic. It is a large, complex do-it-yourself program, composed of several logically different components. In this, it is quite conventional; most commercial Unix variants are monolithic. A notable exception is Carnegie- Mellon's Mach 3.0, which follows a microkernel approach. " Traditional Unix kernels are compiled and linked statically. Most modern kernels can dynamically load and unload some portions of the kernel code (typically, device drivers), which are usually called modules. Linux's support for modules is very good, since it is able to automatically load and unload modules on demand. Among the main commercial Unix variants, only the SVR4.2 kernel has a similar feature. " Kernel threading. Some modern Unix kernels, like Solaris 2.x and SVR4.2/MP, are organized as a set of kernel threads. A kernel thread is an execution context that can be independently scheduled; it may be associated with a user program, or it may run only some kernel functions. Context switches between kernel threads are usually much less expensive than context switches between ordinary processes, since the former usually operate on a common address space. Linux uses kernel threads in a very limited way to execute a few kernel functions periodically; since Linux kernel threads cannot execute user programs, they do not represent the basic execution context abstraction. (That's the topic of the next item.) " Multithreaded application support. Most modern operating systems have some kind of support for multithreaded applications, that is, user programs that are well designed in terms of many relatively independent execution flows sharing a large portion of the application data structures. A multithreaded user application could be composed of many lightweight processes (LWP), or processes that can operate on a common Understanding the Linux Kernel address space, common physical memory pages, common opened files, and so on. Linux defines its own version of lightweight processes, which is different from the types used on other systems such as SVR4 and Solaris. While all the commercial Unix variants of LWP are based on kernel threads, Linux regards lightweight processes as the basic execution context and handles them via the nonstandard clone( ) system call. " Linux is a nonpreemptive kernel. This means that Linux cannot arbitrarily interleave execution flows while they are in privileged mode. Several sections of kernel code assume they can run and modify data structures without fear of being interrupted and having another thread alter those data structures. Usually, fully preemptive kernels are associated with special real-time operating systems. Currently, among conventional, general-purpose Unix systems, only Solaris 2.x and Mach 3.0 are fully preemptive kernels. SVR4.2/MP introduces some fixed preemption points as a method to get limited preemption capability. " Multiprocessor support. Several Unix kernel variants take advantage of multiprocessor systems. Linux 2.2 offers an evolving kind of support for symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), which means not only that the system can use multiple processors but also that any processor can handle any task; there is no discrimination among them. However, Linux 2.2 does not make optimal use of SMP. Several kernel activities that could be executed concurrently like filesystem handling and networking must now be executed sequentially. " Filesystem. Linux's standard filesystem lacks some advanced features, such as journaling. However, more advanced filesystems for Linux are available, although not included in the Linux source code; among them, IBM AIX's Journaling File System (JFS), and Silicon Graphics Irix's XFS filesystem. Thanks to a powerful objectoriented Virtual File System technology (inspired by Solaris and SVR4), porting a foreign filesystem to Linux is a relatively easy task. " STREAMS. Linux has no analog to the STREAMS I/O subsystem introduced in SVR4, although it is included nowadays in most Unix kernels and it has become the preferred interface for writing device drivers, terminal drivers, and network protocols. This somewhat disappointing assessment does not depict, however, the whole truth. Several features make Linux a wonderfully unique operating system. Commercial Unix kernels often introduce new features in order to gain a larger slice of the market, but these features are not necessarily useful, stable, or productive. As a matter of fact, modern Unix kernels tend to be quite bloated. By contrast, Linux doesn't suffer from the restrictions and the conditioning imposed by the market, hence it can freely evolve according to the ideas of its designers (mainly Linus Torvalds).

Linux is a member of the large family of Unix-like operating systems. A relative newcomer experiencing sudden spectacular popularity starting in the late 1990s, Linux joins such well-known commercial Unix operating systems as System V Release 4 (SVR4) developed by AT&T, which is now owned by Novell; the 4.4 BSD release from the University of California at Berkeley (4.4BSD), Digital Unix from Digital Equipment Corporation (now Compaq); AIX from IBM; HP-UX from Hewlett-Packard; and Solaris from Sun Microsystems. Linux was initially developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 as an operating system for IBMcompatible personal computers based on the Intel 80386 microprocessor. Linus remains deeply involved with improving Linux, keeping it up-to-date with various hardware developments and coordinating the activity of hundreds of Linux developers around the world. Over the years, developers have worked to make Linux available on other architectures, including Alpha, SPARC, Motorola MC680x0, PowerPC, and IBM System/390. One of the more appealing benefits to Linux is that it isn't a commercial operating system: its source code under the GNU Public License[1] is open and available to anyone to study, as we will in this book; if you download the code (the official site is https://www.kernel.org/) or check the sources on a Linux CD, you will be able to explore from top to bottom one of the most successful, modern operating systems. This book, in fact, assumes you have the source code on hand and can apply what we say to your own explorations. [1] The GNU project is coordinated by the Free Software Foundation, Inc. (http://www.gnu.org/); its aim is to implement a whole operating system freely usable by everyone. The availability of a GNU C compiler has been essential for the success of the Linux project. Technically speaking, Linux is a true Unix kernel, although it is not a full Unix operating system, because it does not include all the applications such as filesystem utilities, windowing systems and graphical desktops, system administrator commands, text editors, compilers, and so on. However, since most of these programs are freely available under the GNU General Public License, they can be installed into one of the filesystems supported by Linux. Since Linux is a kernel, many Linux users prefer to rely on commercial distributions, available on CD-ROM, to get the code included in a standard Unix system. Alternatively, the code may be obtained from several different FTP sites. The Linux source code is usually installed in the /usr/src/linux directory. In the rest of this book, all file pathnames will refer implicitly to that directory.

The skin of Windows LongHorn you can download in http://skinbase.org/art/11469/Longhorn-Pro-V.2 and you can see the next generation of the windows operative systems.

This windows is the but powerful graphic soften. Its tools and its programs to be the but beautiful by its advanced graphic.I have a beta version and i don't do to work this because my computer only have 512Ram, 2.4 Athlon. this operative system need 1GB of ram and 3.2GH of procesor to work good. I don't recomended this system because is bad, don't work good.

Im tink windows is the worst operative sistem in the worl.

Yes the program Mplayer is best of windows media player. You can download that every codec pack and skins. These program open your movies faster, and it does't matter that type be: DVD, VCD, AVI, ASF, MPG, DivX and XviD. These player is faster and ease for use. Ty it I assure you that pleased you. But it's only under Linux Use. this the screenshut: http://forums.xisto.com/no_longer_exists/ And you dont need to modific your region of DVD because mplayer have regionfree.

You can Play a greates gameg in linus as:Unreal TournamentQuake 3Wolfenstein Enemy teritoryMedal of HonorAnd Emule Nintendo 64 and Play Station games.He have your property games as:Tux RaserTux CartFlith of the amazon queenBeneath a Steel Skyand most more.

Mplayer (Its similar to Windows media player)K3B (Its similar to Nero)Xmms (Its similar to Winamp3)Juk (Its similar to MusicMatch Jukebox)Kopete (these program Its a messenger for all Messenger exist)Quanta (is for make web pages)OpenOficce (Its similar to MS Oficce)Mozilla (Its similar to Nescape)KDE or Gnome (Its similar to Windows)ARK (Its similar to Winzip)

Enter these on the main menu: gimmesomecircuits - Unlock Circuits gimmesomesprints - Unlock Sprint Circuits gimmesomedrag - Unlock Drag Circuits needmylostprophets - Unlock Lost Prophets havyamystikal - Unlock Mystikal gimmeppablo - Unlock Petey Pablo gotcharobzombie - Unlock Rob Zombie allmylvloneparts - Unlock Level 1 Upgrades allmylvl2parts - Unlock Level 2 Upgrades 119focus - Unlock Car 893neon - Unlock Car 899eclipse - Unlock Car 371impreza - Unlock Car 222lancer - Unlock Car 922sentra - Unlock Car 667tiburon - Unlock Car 334mygolf - Unlock Car 77peugeot - Unlock Car 777rx7 - Unlock Car 350350z - Unlock Car 111skyline - Unlock Car 221miata - Unlock Car 2000s2000 - Unlock Car 889civic - Unlock Car 228supra - Unlock Car 240240sx - Unlock Car 342integra - Unlock Car 239celica - Unlock Car 973rsx777 - Unlock Car

Yea I like these game.

The you can do is chage your linux to SuSE 9.1, These linux meke all for you. He install your modem, printer well your every hareware.The it brings software as mplayer to see movies (these are similar to Media Player), Xmms to play musicb (these are similar to Winamp), Kopete for every messengers, K3B for write yoour cd's and dvd's (these are similar to Nero), Mozilla (these are similar to Nestcape).And the best is that you do not have to pay for the lisence its free.And SuSE heve good games that Unreal tournamend, Quake 3, Medal of Honor and Wolfenstein Enemi Terrytory, that you play them in windows and now to in linux.He have a Program named QT Designed similar to Visual Basic.I invite you to now of linux if you don't now of them, or try to see SuSE 9.1 so that see its ease.Try it and tell me.

Go to start - executing command. Write "msconfig". Go to start in the new window and it removes everything that this I check. Reboot the System.

Please help me, give me ideas.I want to create a place to help to all the persons that want to learn linux. I have ideas but I now you have better ideas.My main idea is to show that everything that is done in windows can be done in linux. As see movies, play music and create sites webs.

PHP is the best and powerfull language.

to me Spiderman 2 is the best.

these movie are the best trilogy the century.

These movie is a trash.

These movie is trash.

Yea SuSE heve the best tools. Mplayer, Xmms, OpenOfecce, K3B, FireFox etc.

Here you found the best and ease linux tools. You make to be your life ease in linux

Yea, SuSE is the best linux to the linux beginer.